Morris, Lewis

Morris, Lewis Morris, Lewis, 1671â€"1746, American colonial official, first lord of the manor of Morrisania in New York. The son of Richard Morris (d. 1672; see Morris , family), he was born in that part of Westchester co. that is now part of the Bronx, New York City. He inherited large properties in New York and New Jersey, and in 1697 his New York estate was patented as the manor of Morrisania. In 1702, Morris traveled to England to help bring about the fall of proprietary government in New Jersey. He became a bitter opponent of the arbitrary rule of Lord Cornbury, who was governor of both New York and New Jersey, and aided in securing his removal (1708). In 1715 he was made chief justice of New York, but a subsequent struggle with Gov. William Cosby resulted in his removal (1733). Upon the separation (1738) of New Jersey from New York, Morris became the first governor of New Jersey, serving until his death. His stern administration was marked by much opposition and quarreling. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Privacy Policy Our Privacy - 1934 Words

Privacy Policy Our Privacy Policy was last updated and posted on March 16, 2016. It governs the privacy terms of our Website, located at http://TourEgypt.co.uk, sub-domains, and any associated web-based and mobile applications (collectively, Website), as owned and operated by New Winner Tours. Any capitalized terms not defined in our Privacy Policy, have the meaning as specified in our Terms of Service. Your privacy is very important to us. Accordingly, we have developed this Policy in order for you to understand how we collect, use, communicate and disclose and make use of personal information. We use your Personal Information only for providing and improving the Site. By using the Site, you agree to the collection and use of information in accordance with this policy. Unless otherwise defined in this Privacy Policy, terms used in this Privacy Policy have the same meanings as in our Terms and Conditions, accessible at http://TourEgypt.co.uk. The following outlines our privacy policy. Before or at the time of collecting personal information, we will identify the purposes for which information is being collected. We will collect and use of personal information solely with the objective of fulfilling those purposes specified by us and for other compatible purposes, unless we obtain the consent of the individual concerned or as required by law. We will only retain personal information as long as necessary for the fulfillment of those purposes. We will collect personalShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The Privacy Policy Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pageshttp://www.websitebuilderly.com/ Privacy Policy This privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is being used online. PII, as described in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Personally Identifiable Information1649 Words   |  7 PagesThis privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is being used online. PII, as described in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding of how we col lect, use, protect or otherwise handleRead MorePrivacy Policy : An Internet Property Of Educhinalink Co.1345 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy Statement 19 Introduction www.sicas.cn (â€Å"Website†) is an internet property of EduChinaLink Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (â€Å"SICAS,† †we,† â€Å"our,† or â€Å"us†). This privacy policy is given on behalf of SICAS. We are providing this Privacy Policy to you so that you can learn about our information collection and sharing practices. SICAS put the security of our users personally identifiable information high on our priority list. This Privacy Policy applies to personally identifiable informationRead MoreA Privacy Policy With Explanations1473 Words   |  6 PagesA Privacy Policy with Explanations Vail Trappings provides custom upholstery, draperies and blinds to the mountain community surrounding the Vail and Beaver Creek ski resorts from their retail fabric store in Edwards, Colorado. The website at www.VailTrappingsco.com educates visitors about their services and collects contact information for scheduling free estimates. A privacy policy on the Vail Trappings website serves three purposes: building trust with visitors, complying with applicable lawsRead MoreThe Importance Of Your Personal Data?1706 Words   |  7 Pagesjust the start. With the rise of newer, more portable technology, the internet has rapidly started to play a very crucial part in our everyday lives; we can search where the nearest coffee shop is, buy and sell things, message friends, share thoughts, pictures, and videos, watch movies, play games, browse forums- the possibilities are nearly endless, and it is all at our fingertips; however there is a catch... Your every move is being tracked by data bro kers, and nothing is sacred. Just by a few clicksRead MorePrivacy on Internet Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pages April 1st, 2012 Internet Privacy Essay With the internet gaining such popularity, privacy has become a thing of the past. People have come to accept that strangers can view personal information about them on social networks such as facebook, and companies and the government are constantly viewing peoples’ activity online for a variety of reasons. The government has attempted to help the consumer regain their privacy online by passing the Consumer Internet Privacy Protection Act of 1997, althoughRead MoreThe Impacts of Facebooks 2009 Privacy Changes675 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The privacy of human being has drastically changed with the advent of internet. On a scale of 1 to 10, the privacy of an internet user is a -1 or may be less. Social Networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace etc are mainly responsible for this privacy leakage. This short paper is dedicated to review the change of privacy policy by Facebook on December 2009 and its impact on public privacy and security. Review of the case Facebook was experimenting with the privacy setting since midRead MoreEmployee Handbook Privacy Section1397 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee Privacy Rights This section of the employee handbook is provided as a guideline for employees to understand the company policy and procedures regarding privacy in the workplace. While this section cannot address every possible scenario that may occur, the general policy will serve as a basis of understanding the key workplace issues and employee privacy. This section addresses privacy issues related to personal background information, off-work activities, and the corporate policy on the useRead MoreNo Shave June Privacy Policy1480 Words   |  6 Pages No-Shave November Privacy Policy This privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their Personally identifiable information (PII) is being used online. PII, as used in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding of how we collect, useRead MoreThe Code Of Conduct Is Designed Around The Motto996 Words   |  4 Pagesreputed company, Google and I am proud that its code of conduct is designed around the motto â€Å"Don’t be evil†, emphasizing challenging ethical scenarios and rigorous service policy. Google made this motto a central pillar of its corporate identity, outlining various ethical issues relating to workplace and environment. Information privacy can be stated as a choice of an individual person to share his/her personal information with others and with advancements in technology, its becoming unmanageable to

The Ultimate Solution for Hardest Gre Essay Topics You Can Find Out About Today

The Ultimate Solution for Hardest Gre Essay Topics You Can Find Out About Today The first element of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the sections of the argument that relate to the job. Some people think that scientific discoveries have given us a far better mastery of the world around us. Don't attempt to compare the religions as a whole with no particular criteria. Therefore, before test day I'd earn a list of numerous important historical figures, events, documents, and so on, and have these examples in my personal arsenal. Most Noticeable Hardest Gre Essay Topics A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you're going to be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that truly covers the whole subject. Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of research on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little preliminary searching and make certain you are going to have all the info you must compose your paper. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be certain you decide on a wonderful topic before you commence writing. Even if a specific research paper topic is getting a great deal of buzz at this time or other individuals seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. At this time you've got to be in a position to understand the differences between both topics you'll be presented with. Therefore, if you practice with merely a few prompts per category, you ought to be ready. The topics would be associated with the normal troubles. There are many sites and publications that provide GRE-like reading. The writing of your essay is a little hard job to do, as, to begin with, you will need to pick out an acceptable topic. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. One of the absolute most important features about a compelling essay is its capacity to convince the reader by way of sound logical reasoning. There are a few commonalities across each of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the simple fact which each task asks you to take a look at some sort of argument and analyze it. You've got not to forget that the focus of this second essay is to under stand in case you have learned how to critique a report. In the issue essay, you will be supplied a topic that's debatable. Take the time to proofread your essay, when you finish writing it. Discover steps you may take now to increase your AWA essay. The essay graders know that you simply get 30 minutes to compose each AWA essay and in addition, they know that you won't have the ability to cover every potential argument, reason and rebuttal. More creative tips on how to receive your essay graded here. The 2nd essay would be about the argument analysis. Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. There are quite a lot of sites that can help you in evaluating your essays and also in supplying you with useful GRE sample essays. The gre essay is broken into different sections, and the main section appears to be the analytical writing assessment portion which is composed of two essays. As a result, if you would like to know the GRE sample essays clearly, you have to first go through these links which will provide you with a fair idea of the way to prepare for this test section, what the test section contains and what all to bear in mind whilst writing the essays. To begin with, utilize the perfect-scoring sample GRE essays within this guide as models of feasible approaches to achieve the essay tasks. Don't worry you don't will need to use the complete selection of vocabulary you'll discover throughout the GRE Verbal section. Vocabulary flashcards One good plan is to begin the day with GRE. Welcome to structure it includes the gre. Figure out the proportion of questions in every one of the four primary GRE math types. Make the weaknesses of the majority of test takers your strengths and you will up your probability of making a top score. Test takers all over the world believe they can easily master AWA in a day or two. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. Should you do, you've started failing the test already. Opt for a prompt at random from above, or pick a topic that you believe will be hard that you detach from (because you are going to want to write about this issue, as opposed to the argument) set timer to 50 minutes and compose the essay. Be sure to spell out the way the answers to the questions would help to value the conclusion. Be sure to spell out the way the answers to these questions would help to value the advice. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would want to get answered to be able to determine whether the recommendation will probably have the predicted outcome.

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill Free Essays

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill CheckPoint 1 According to the article by Jim Mann, from the Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, (2012) he states how the involvement in the criminal justice system with mentally ill offenders was profoundly affected by the decision which resulted in large numbers of mental hospital patients returning to the community during the mid-1970s. The article states that after an examination of the characteristics of mental health courts was conducted, the consensus results indicated that with the release of mental health patients into a community came the increase in crime rates. The article I researched was very brief, but lead me in the direction of crime levels within the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once individuals were released from the institutions, crime rates statistically increased, according to the data provided by the Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project stated that crime jumped greatly over a period of time. People decided to try the event of deinstitutionalization in an attempt to save money for both the hospitals as well as individuals. They believed that a prescription drug was and would be cheaper than the cost of twenty-four hour care within an institution. About this time era is when the development of psychiatric drugs started coming into the picture. Unfortunately, according to these statistics, crime levels did increase since the start of deinstitutionalization. My local community is fairly small, but for has a high crime rate for how small it is. We do have an institution here in town for the mentally ill, but the majority of the people that are here and have committed crimes and have done some serious issues due to being mentally ill, basically just get a slap on the hand. My community for the most part is great when it comes to helping people out with certain situations; however, our police department is horrible and lazy. THEY are the waste of money, not our institutions. Anyways, within my community, we do have a homeless shelter, where housing is provided for families, and we also have assistance groups for victims of domestic violence. We also have a family planning clinic that runs solely on donations and provides birth control as well as condoms at no cost. We also have low income clinics that help people and provide health care, dental care, and mental health at charges all based on an individual’s family size and income. Basically, my local community is great for helping people, except for our police department. How to cite Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill, Papers

Symbolism And Imagery In A Midsummer Night free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Dream Essay, Research Paper In A Midsummer Night? s Dream, William Shakespeare brightly uses the dark as a motive which plays a valuable function in the drama. He combines this motive with the related symbols of the drama to show the power of dark and its correlativity with love and vision. He uses symbolism and imagination to develop the motive and makes extended usage of the dark wood which, in portion, helps the state of affairs of the four immature lovers, one of the chief secret plans of the drama. It might look unusual that Shakespeare would take a wood at dark as the chief scene for a comedy ; the dark forest serves as the centre of the drama? s universe, throw outing Athens, a metropolis that was regarded as the centre of ancient Grecian civilisation. The darkness of the dark is intensified in the wood ; the dark is intense plenty for the characters to fear being entirely. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism And Imagery In A Midsummer Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Helena cries out to Demetrius non to abandon her? darkling? , or in the dark ( Act II, Scene 2, 85 ) . When Lysander wantonnesss Hermia, she is convinced that being entirely in the dark could take her to decease: Speak, of all loves ; I swoon about with fright. No? Then I will comprehend you are non near. Either decease or you I? ll find instantly. ( Act II, Scene 2, 153-155 ) The dark symbolizes darkness and a province of sightlessness. It symbolizes mischievousness and lunacy, faeries and thaumaturgy. The dark forest provides a scene for unsafe and make bolding Acts of the Apostless such as Hermia and Lysander? s program to get away Athens. The lovers plan to put to death their program and meet at? deep midnight? ( Act I, Scene 1, 223 ) . The Moon, which has been said all throughout the drama to impact human behavior, is the lone beginning of visible radiation at dark which allows the lovers the see each other. Shakespeare associates the Moon with love. In the opening scene of the drama, Theseus is dying to acquire married to Hippolyta. He complains? four happy yearss bring in/ Another Moon: but O, methinks how slow/ This old Moon ebbs! She lingers my desires/ Like to a step-dame? ( Act 1, Scene 1, 2-5 ) . Shakespeare besides compares the Moon to a bow, and Cupid, the Roman God of love, carries a bow to hit pointers of love. ? And so the Moon, like to a Ag bow/ New set in Eden, shall lay eyes on the night/ Of our sedatenesss? ( Act I, Scene 1, 9-11 ) . Shakespeare uses symbolism to beef up the motive of dark ; he uses symbols associated with the dark. He refers to Phoebe, or Diana, who is the Roman goddess of the Moon and of transmutation, particularly the unobserved and cryptic 1s in the darkness. ? Tomorrow dark, when Phoebe doth behold/ her Ag countenance in the watery glass. . . ? ( Act I, Scene 1, 209-213 ) . In the drama, twenty-four hours symbolizes visible radiation and comfort, world and truth. The forenoon symbolizes a sense of reclamation and a fresh beginnings. All four lovers end up wishing for daytime at the terminal of Act III, Scene 2: ? Come, thou soft twenty-four hours? ( Act III, Scene 2, 418 ) ? O weary dark, O long and boring dark, / Abate thy hours, shine amenitiess from the E? ( Act III, Scene 2, 431-432 ) . Physical darkness impairs or transforms vision, and by transforming the sense humans rely on most, the dark forest forces new sorts of looking. Shakespeare includes the facet of vision and its relation to darkness. The power of dark transforms the regard in that the oculus? s ability is diminished, but the ear? s strength is augmented. Hermia is able to happen Lysander finally by utilizing her hearing to its full potency: ? Dark dark, that from the oculus his map takes, The ear more speedy of apprehensiveness makes. Wherein it doth impair the seeing sense, It pays the hearing dual recompense. Thou art non by mine oculus, Lysander, found ; Mine ear, I thank it, brought me to thy sound. ? ( Act III, Scene 2, 177-182 ) Throughout the class of the dark, the regard of the head becomes enchanted, as depicted in Lysander and Demetrius? blindly? loving Helena under the thaumaturgy enchantment ; this twists the significance of? love is blind? . Lysander declares? Not Hermia, but Helena I love? ( Act II, Scene 2, 112 ) and Demetrius showers Helena with words of worship in Act III, Scene 2, Lines 137-144. The dream, which is finally linked to the dark, serves as an of import symbol from the rubric of the drama onwards and establishes itself as an of import sort of vision. The dream and introverted vision are made possible by dark and darkness ; the thought of a dream plays with the same transmutation of vision: a dream is merely seeable when the eyes are closed, when vision is inward-looking. In Act IV, Scene 1, Demetrius remarks on the permeableness of the barrier between dark and twenty-four hours, and the ability of dark visions to transport over into the daylight hours. ? Are you sure/ That we are awake? It seems to me/ That yet we sleep, we dream? ( Act IV, Scene 1 ) . In daytime, the four lovers go on to tell their dreams together, fighting to do sense of the dark through the model of the dream. ? And by the manner let us tell our dreams. ? ( Act IV, Scene 1, 197 ) Shakespeare uses imagination to stress the significance of the sense of sight and its relation to love ; the linguistic communication of love relies to a great extent on sight imagination. Helena claims that existent love has little to make with the eyes and that the regard of the head gives love its true form, but even in doing this averment Helena is forced to trust on sight imagination: ? Love looks non with the eyes, but with the head, / And hence is winged Cupid blind? ( Act I, Scene 1, 234-235 ) . Helena uses sight imagination in her declaration to acquire Demetrius back. Demetrius? regard becomes shorthand for Demetrius? love. ? But herein mean I to enrich my hurting, / To hold his sight thither and back again. ? ( Act I, Scene 1, 250-251 ) . Helena complains that Demetrius fell in love with Hermia upon looking into her. ? Puting eyes? on person is associated with falling in love. To look on or at person is the most common look for falling in love with a new individual, or for disbursement clip with the one you already love. ? For ere Demetrius looked on Hermia? s eyne, / He hailed down curses that he was merely mine? ( Act I, Scene 1, 242-243 ) . Hermia besides uses sight imagination as she fortifies herself and Lysander against the ordeal of separation: ? we must hunger our sight/ From lovers? nutrient, boulder clay tomorrow deep midnight. ? ( Act 1, Scene 1, 222-223 ) . Furthermore, Oberon? s love juice is suitably applied to the eyes. William Shakespeare? s A Midsummer Night? s Dream presents a romantic comedy with the sense love is most associated with -the sense of sight- taken off in a motive of dark. The drama would look to necessitate the visible radiation of twenty-four hours instead than a scene in the darkest of all topographic points at the darkest of all hours, but Shakespeare brightly combines this motive with the related symbols of the drama to show the power of dark and its correlativity with love and vision. The trust on different sorts of perceptual experience other than the sense of sight, every bit good as the power of the thaumaturgy in the dark forest, makes possible a happy stoping for all four lovers by the terminal of the drama. What begins in dark as charming solidifies into world with daytime. The darkness of dark bequeaths peace and love among the lovers and carries this harmoniousness into the visible radiation of twenty-four hours.

Sigmund Freud - The Father of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud - The Father of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud is best known as the creator of the therapeutic technique known as psychoanalysis. The Austrian-born psychiatrist greatly contributed to the understanding of human psychology in areas such as the unconscious mind, sexuality, and dream interpretation.  Freud was also among the first to recognize the significance of emotional events that occur in childhood. Although many of his theories have since fallen out of favor, Freud profoundly influenced psychiatric practice in the twentieth century. Dates: May 6, 1856 September 23, 1939 Also Known As: Sigismund Schlomo Freud (born as); Father of Psychoanalysis Famous Quote: The ego is not master in its own house. Childhood in Austria-Hungary Sigismund Freud (later know as Sigmund) was born on May 6, 1856, in the town of Frieberg in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Czech Republic). He was the first child of Jacob and Amalia Freud and would be followed by two brothers and four sisters. It was the second marriage for Jacob, who had two adult sons from a previous wife. Jacob set up business as a wool merchant but struggled to earn enough money to take care of his growing family. Jacob and Amalia raised their family as culturally Jewish, but were not especially religious in practice. The family moved to Vienna in 1859, taking up residence in the only place they could afford the Leopoldstadt slum. Jacob and Amalia, however, had reason to hope for a better future for their children. Reforms enacted by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1849 had officially abolished discrimination against Jews, lifting restrictions previously placed upon them. Although anti-Semitism still existed, Jews were, by law, free to enjoy the privileges of full citizenship, such as opening a business, entering a profession, and owning real estate. Unfortunately, Jacob was not a successful businessman and the Freuds were forced to live in a shabby, one-room apartment for several years. Young Freud began school at the age of nine and quickly rose to the head of the class. He became a voracious reader and mastered several languages. Freud began to record his dreams in a notebook as an adolescent, displaying a fascination for what would later become a key element of his theories. Following graduation from high school, Freud enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1873 to study zoology. Between his coursework and lab research, he would remain at the university for nine years. Attending University and Finding Love As his mothers undisputed favorite, Freud enjoyed privileges that his siblings did not. He was given his own room at home (they now lived in a larger apartment), while the others shared bedrooms. The younger children had to maintain quiet in the house so that Sigi (as his mother called him) could concentrate on his studies. Freud changed his first name to Sigmund in 1878. Early in his college years, Freud decided to pursue medicine, although he didnt envision himself caring for patients in a traditional sense. He was fascinated by bacteriology, the new branch of science whose focus was the study of organisms and the diseases they caused. Freud became a lab assistant to one of his professors, performing research on the nervous systems of lower animals such as fish and eels. After completing his medical degree in 1881, Freud began a three-year internship at a Vienna hospital, while continuing to work at the university on research projects. While Freud gained satisfaction from his painstaking work with the microscope, he realized that there was little money in research. He knew he must find a well-paying job and soon found himself more motivated than ever to do so. In 1882, Freud met Martha Bernays, a friend of his sister. The two were immediately attracted to one another and became engaged within months of meeting. The engagement lasted four years, as Freud (still living in his parents home) worked to make enough money to be able to marry and support Martha. Freud the Researcher Intrigued by the theories on brain function that were emerging during the late 19th century, Freud opted to specialize in neurology. Many neurologists of that era sought to find an anatomical cause for mental illness within the brain. Freud also sought that proof in his research, which involved the dissection and study of brains. He became knowledgeable enough to give lectures on brain anatomy to other physicians. Freud eventually found a position at a private childrens hospital in Vienna. In addition to studying childhood diseases, he developed a special interest in patients with mental and emotional disorders. Freud was disturbed by the current methods used to treat the mentally ill, such as long-term incarceration, hydrotherapy (spraying patients with a hose), and the dangerous (and poorly-understood) application of electric shock. He aspired to find a better, more humane method. One of Freuds early experiments did little to help his professional reputation. In 1884, Freud published a paper detailing his experimentation with cocaine as a remedy for mental and physical ailments. He sang the praises of the drug, which he administered to himself as a cure for headaches and anxiety. Freud shelved the study after numerous cases of addiction were reported by those using the drug medicinally. Hysteria and Hypnosis In 1885, Freud traveled to Paris, having received a grant to study with pioneering neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. The French physician had recently resurrected the use of hypnosis, made popular a century earlier by Dr. Franz Mesmer. Charcot specialized in the treatment of patients with hysteria, the catch-all name for an ailment with various symptoms, ranging from depression to seizures and paralysis, which mainly affected women. Charcot believed that most cases of hysteria originated in the patients mind and should be treated as such. He held public demonstrations, during which he would hypnotize patients (placing them into a trance) and induce their symptoms, one at a time, then remove them by suggestion. Although some observers (especially those in the medical community) viewed it with suspicion, hypnosis did seem to work on some patients. Freud was greatly influenced by Charcots method, which illustrated the powerful role that words could play in the treatment of mental illness. He also came to adopt the belief that some physical ailments might originate in the mind, rather than in the body alone. Private Practice and Anna O Returning to Vienna in February 1886, Freud opened a private practice as a specialist in the treatment of nervous diseases. As his practice grew, he finally earned enough money to marry Martha Bernays in September 1886. The couple moved into an apartment in a middle-class neighborhood in the heart of Vienna. Their first child, Mathilde, was born in 1887, followed by three sons and two daughters over the next eight years. Freud began to receive referrals from other physicians to treat their most challenging patients hysterics who did not improve with treatment. Freud used hypnosis with these patients and encouraged them to talk about past events in their lives. He dutifully wrote down all that he learned from them traumatic memories, as well as their dreams and fantasies. One of Freuds most important mentors during this time was Viennese physician Josef Breuer. Through Breuer, Freud learned about a patient whose case had an enormous influence upon Freud and the development of his theories. Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) was the pseudonym of one of Breuers hysteria patients who had proved especially difficult to treat. She suffered from numerous physical complaints, including arm paralysis, dizziness, and temporary deafness. Breuer treated Anna by using what the patient herself called the talking cure. She and Breuer were able to trace a particular symptom back to an actual event in her life that might have triggered it. In talking about the experience, Anna found that she felt a sense of relief, leading to a diminishment or even the disappearance of a symptom. Thus, Anna O became the first patient to have undergone psychoanalysis, a term coined by Freud himself. The Unconscious Inspired by the case of Anna O, Freud incorporated the talking cure into his own practice. Before long, he did away with the hypnosis aspect, focusing instead upon listening to his patients and asking them questions. Later, he asked fewer questions, allowing his patients to talk about whatever came to mind, a method known as free association. As always, Freud kept meticulous notes on everything his patients said, referring to such documentation as a case study. He considered this his scientific data. As Freud gained experience as a psychoanalyst, he developed a concept of the human mind as an iceberg, noting that a major portion of the mind the part that lacked awareness existed under the surface of the water. He referred to this as the â€Å"unconscious.† Other early psychologists of the day held a similar belief, but Freud was the first to attempt to systematically study the unconscious in a scientific way. Freuds theory that humans are not aware of all of their own thoughts, and might often act upon unconscious motives was considered a radical one in its time. His ideas were not well-received by other physicians because he could not unequivocally prove them. In an effort to explain his theories, Freud co-authored Studies in Hysteria with Breuer in 1895. The book did not sell well, but Freud was undeterred. He was certain that he had uncovered a great secret about the human mind. (Many people now commonly use the term Freudian slip to refer to a verbal mistake that potentially reveals an unconscious thought or belief.) The Analysts Couch Freud conducted his hour-long psychoanalytic sessions in a separate apartment located in his familys apartment building at Berggasse 19 (now a museum). It was his office for nearly half a century. The cluttered room was filled with books, paintings, and small sculptures. At its center was a horsehair sofa, upon which Freuds patients reclined while they talked to the doctor, who sat in a chair, out of view. (Freud believed that his patients would speak more freely if they were not looking directly at him.) He maintained a neutrality, never passing judgment or offering suggestions. The main goal of therapy, Freud believed, was to bring the patients repressed thoughts and memories to a conscious level, where they could be acknowledged and addressed. For many of his patients, the treatment was a success; thus inspiring them to refer their friends to Freud. As his reputation grew by word of mouth, Freud was able to charge more for his sessions. He worked up to 16 hours a day as his list of clientele expanded. Self-Analysis and the Oedipus Complex After the 1896 death of his 80-year-old father, Freud felt compelled to learn more about his own psyche. He decided to psychoanalyze himself, setting aside a portion of each day to examine his own memories and dreams, beginning with his early childhood. During these sessions, Freud developed his theory of the Oedipal complex (named for the Greek tragedy), in which he proposed that all young boys are attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. As a normal child matured, he would grow away from his mother. Freud described a similar scenario for fathers and daughters, calling it the Electra complex (also from Greek mythology). Freud also came up with the controversial concept of penis envy, in which he touted the male gender as the ideal. He believed that every girl harbored a deep wish to be a male. Only when a girl renounced her wish to be a male (and her attraction to her father) could she identify with the female gender. Many subsequent psychoanalysts rejected that notion. The Interpretation of Dreams Freuds fascination with dreams was also stimulated during his self-analysis. Convinced that dreams shed light upon unconscious feelings and desires, Freud began an analysis of his own dreams and those of his family and patients. He determined that dreams were an expression of repressed wishes and thus could be analyzed in terms of their symbolism. Freud published the groundbreaking study The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. Although he received some favorable reviews, Freud was disappointed by sluggish sales and the overall tepid response to the book. However, as Freud became better known, several more editions had to be printed to keep up with popular demand. Freud soon gained a small following of students of psychology, which included Carl Jung, among others who later became prominent. The group of men met weekly for discussions at Freuds apartment. As they grew in number and influence, the men came to call themselves the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The Society held the first international psychoanalytic conference in 1908. Over the years, Freud, who had a tendency to be unyielding and combative, eventually broke off communication with nearly all of the men. Freud and Jung Freud maintained a close relationship with Carl Jung, a Swiss psychologist who embraced many of Freuds theories. When Freud was invited to speak at Clark University in Massachusetts in 1909, he asked Jung to accompany him. Unfortunately, their relationship suffered from the stresses of the trip. Freud did not acclimate well to being in an unfamiliar environment and became moody and difficult. Nonetheless, Freuds speech at Clark was quite successful. He impressed several prominent American physicians, convincing them of the merits of psychoanalysis. Freuds thorough, well-written case studies, with compelling titles such as The Rat Boy, also received praise. Freuds fame grew exponentially following his trip to the United States. At 53, he felt that his work was finally receiving the attention it deserved. Freuds methods, once considered highly unconventional, were now deemed accepted practice. Carl Jung, however, increasingly questioned Freuds ideas. Jung didnt agree that all mental illness originated in childhood trauma, nor did he believe that a mother was an object of her sons desire. Yet Freud resisted any suggestion that he might be wrong. By 1913, Jung and Freud had severed all ties with one another. Jung developed his own theories and became a highly influential psychologist in his own right. Id, Ego, and Superego Following the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, thus drawing several other nations into the conflict which became World War I. Although the war had effectively put an end to the further development of psychoanalytic theory, Freud managed to stay busy and productive. He revised his previous concept of the structure of the human mind. Freud now proposed that the mind comprised three parts: the Id (the unconscious, impulsive portion that deals with urges and instinct), the Ego (the practical and rational decision-maker), and the Superego (an internal voice that determined right from wrong, a conscience of sorts).   During the war, Freud actually used this three-part theory to examine entire countries. At the end of World War I, Freuds psychoanalytic theory unexpectedly gained a wider following. Many veterans returned from battle with emotional problems. Initially termed shell shock, the condition resulted from psychological trauma experienced on the battlefield. Desperate to help these men, doctors employed Freuds talk therapy, encouraging the soldiers to describe their experiences. The therapy seemed to help in many instances, creating a renewed respect for Sigmund Freud. Later Years By the 1920s, Freud had become internationally known as an influential scholar and practitioner. He was proud of his youngest daughter, Anna, his greatest disciple, who distinguished herself as the founder of child psychoanalysis. In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with oral cancer, the consequence of decades of smoking cigars. He endured more than 30 surgeries, including the removal of part of his jaw. Although he suffered a great deal of pain, Freud refused to take painkillers, fearing that they might cloud his thinking. He continued to write, focusing more on his own philosophies and musings rather than the topic of psychology. As Adolf Hitler gained control throughout Europe in the mid-1930s, those Jews who were able to get out began to leave. Freuds friends tried to convince him to leave Vienna, but he resisted even when the Nazis occupied Austria. When the Gestapo briefly took Anna into custody, Freud finally realized it was no longer safe to stay. He was able to obtain exit visas for himself and his immediate family, and they fled to London in 1938. Sadly, four of Freuds sisters died in Nazi concentration camps. Freud lived only a year and a half after moving to London. As cancer advanced into his face, Freud could no longer tolerate the pain. With the help of a physician friend, Freud was given an intentional overdose of morphine and died on September 23, 1939 at the age of 83.

Word Choice Faze vs. Phase - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Faze vs. Phase - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Faze vs. Phase Although the words faze and phase sound the same, they have different meanings and spellings. Learn more about the usage of these terms so that you can use them with confidence in your academic writing. Faze (Disturb or Unsettle) The verb faze means disturb or disconcert, such as in the sentence: The keynote speaker was fazed by the size of the audience. More common than the term faze is the adjective unfazed, which refers to the state of being calm or undaunted by a challenge: Unfazed by the high fences, the horse galloped to victory. Phase (A Stage in a Process) Phase is typically a noun meaning a period or a stage of development within a sequence of events. For example, one might talk of phase one in a new business plan. It is sometimes used in a pejorative manner to describe behavior or actions that are likely to be temporary. One might thus dismiss a teenager’s rebellious phase or describe a midlife crisis as just a phase. The word phase can also be used as a verb. In this case, it means gradually changing something, such as in the terms phasing in and phasing out. In this context, it would be used in a sentence like this: A new minimum size for farmed chickens will be phased in next year. Faze or Phase? Although they sound similar, to faze someone is to unsettle them, while a phase is a stage within a process or a set period of time. Both words could be used in a sentence like this: The pet owners were unfazed by the cat’s anxious phase. Remember that faze is spelled with a z, while phase is spelled with an s. If you would like more advice about academic writing, or to have a 500-word sample of your work checked for free, get in touch with Proofed today!